ATP. Simulated.

Drive a car through accelerate / constant / decelerate phases. Live distance–time and speed–time graphs.

Pull a trolley with a falling mass. Vary F and m; plot a vs F, gradient = 1/m.

Collide two trolleys (elastic / inelastic). Verify conservation of momentum; compare KE.

Time 20 oscillations across five lengths. Plot T² vs l; gradient → g.

Add 100 g masses, measure extension, find the spring constant and limit of proportionality.

Three methods — regular solid, irregular solid (displacement), and liquid. ρ = m/V.

Balance a metre rule on a pivot. Verify that clockwise = anticlockwise moments.

Plumb-line method — three suspension points, three lines, one intersection.

Move a probe through a liquid. Verify p = hρg — pressure rises with depth and density.

Smoke particles jiggle randomly under bombardment by fast air molecules — kinetic model evidence.

Compress a gas at constant temperature. Verify pV = constant; plus the pressure law.

Heat a metal block electrically. Measure E and Δθ; compute c = E/(mΔθ).

Heating curve with melting & boiling plateaus. Add impurities to shift the melting/boiling points.

Compare insulators by measuring how hot water cools over time. Plot θ vs t.

Leslie cube & plates — how surface colour and texture affect emission and absorption of infrared.

Bimetallic strip bends on heating; compare expansion of solids, liquids and gases.

Plane & circular water waves. Measure v = fλ; watch diffraction through a gap.

Verify the law of reflection (i = r) using the four-pin method. Locate the virtual image.

Optical-pin method. Measure i and r at five angles, plot sin i vs sin r, gradient = n.

Find the critical angle in a semicircular glass block. Observe TIR above c. sin c = 1/n.

White light splits into the spectrum through a prism. Violet bends most. Try monochromatic light.

Find the screen position that gives a sharp image. Compute f = uv/(u+v).

Drag the object between O, F, 2F, ∞. Real/virtual images. Camera, projector, magnifier & eye applications.

Myopia and hypermetropia in the eye. Apply concave or convex lenses to bring focus back to the retina.

Longitudinal waves, pitch vs frequency, loudness vs amplitude, oscilloscope trace & speed of sound.

Slide from radio to gamma. Wavelength, frequency, uses and dangers of every band. c = 3×10⁸ m/s.

Plot fields around bar magnets, wires and solenoids. Drag a compass; toggle iron-filings view.

Sweep voltage across a resistor, filament lamp and diode. Compare ohmic vs non-ohmic graphs.

Slide a jockey along a Constantan wire. Close switch briefly, read V & I, compute R = V/I.

Build series and parallel circuits. Swap components, change values, watch V/I/R update live. Bulbs glow.

Move a magnet through a coil to induce an EMF. Faraday & Lenz; more turns / faster = bigger EMF.

Force on a current in a field. Spinning coil with split-ring commutator. Fleming's left-hand rule.

Turns ratio Vp/Vs = Np/Ns. Step-up / step-down; VpIp = VsIs; efficient power transmission.

Deflect α/β/γ in electric & magnetic fields; test penetration through paper, aluminium & lead.

Watch nuclei decay at random. Plot count rate vs time; measure the half-life. Correct for background.

Planets orbit the Sun; outer ones move slower. Orbital speed v = 2πr/T; gravity = centripetal force; comets.

Stellar life cycle (Sun-like & massive), redshift of distant galaxies, Hubble's law v = H₀d, the Big Bang.

Burette, pipette, indicator end-point. Run concordant titres and find an unknown concentration with c₁V₁ = c₂V₂.

Separate a mixture of dyes; let the solvent rise, measure the spots and calculate R_f values.

Filtration, crystallisation, simple & fractional distillation — choose the right technique for the mixture.

Plateaus at the melting and boiling points; impurities lower & broaden the melting point. Test purity.

Follow a reaction by gas volume (syringe) or mass loss (balance). Vary concentration, temperature & surface area.

Na₂S₂O₃ + HCl clouds with sulfur. Time the vanishing cross; plot 1/t against concentration.

Measure Δθ in a polystyrene cup for neutralisation, displacement and dissolving. Exo vs endo; q = mcΔθ.

Molten PbBr₂, aqueous CuSO₄/brine/water, electroplating & copper purification. Predict products at each electrode.

Three routes — insoluble base (excess), titration, and precipitation. Step through filter → evaporate → crystallise.

Clean the wire, dip the sample, read the colour: Li red, Na yellow, K lilac, Ca orange-red, Ba green, Cu blue-green.

Add NaOH or ammonia, dropwise then excess. Read the hydroxide precipitate colour & solubility to identify the cation.

Carbonate, halides, sulfate, sulfite, nitrate — plus gas tests (litmus, limewater, splints, KMnO₄).

A more reactive metal (or halogen) displaces a less reactive one. Run combinations and deduce the order.

Four tubes prove iron needs both oxygen and water to rust; salt water rusts fastest. Run the clock over a week.

Iodine (starch), Benedict's (reducing sugar), biuret (protein), ethanol emulsion (fats) and DCPIP (vitamin C).

Effect of temperature and pH on amylase (iodine end-point) and catalase. Plot rate vs variable; find the optimum.

Potato cylinders & Visking tubing across a range of concentrations. Measure % change in mass; find the isotonic point.

Pondweed O₂ bubbles vs light intensity (inverse-square law). See CO₂ and temperature become the limiting factor.

Decolourise & iodine-test a leaf; prove the need for light, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll (variegated leaf).

Potometer — measure water uptake by a leafy shoot as you change wind, humidity, temperature and light.

CO₂ in expired air (limewater), yeast respiration rate vs temperature, and heat from germinating seeds.

Phototropism (shoots bend to light) and gravitropism (roots down, shoots up); use a clinostat as the control.

Four tubes prove seeds need water, warmth and oxygen. Run the clock over a week and compare with the control.